MONEY

                                                                      BY :

                                           Name : Michael Jonatan Sihombing

                                                   NPM  : 1610631030180 

                                            Class/Semester : Accounting A8/1

                                                 

ACCOUNTING – A8

ECONOMIC & BUSINESS FACULTY

SINGAPERBANGSA KARAWANG UNIVERSITY

2016

History of the money

                       
Humans first learned about money around the year 2500 BC. at the time of Mesopotamia. at the time the money is made of silver and is used as a medium of exchange, a determinant of the value of an item, and determines the prosperity of a person.

Top of Form

Stages of development money, those are:
1. The pre-stage                                  4. The stage barter coins
2. Barter stage                                    5. Stage Bank notes
3. Stage goods money             6. Stage stuff money demand deposits

in the life of Indonesian Nation, using money the first time it can be seen from the remnants of past life history, from the days of empire, among others.
1. Janggala era (896-1158 AD) has been known for the so-called currency krisnala, made of gold, copper, and an alloy of copper and brass.
2. In Sulawesi kingdom in the 16th century has been circulating currency KAMPU (bid) made of woven daughter of the king in the past.
3. Around the 18th century in Banjarmasin circulating coin made of copper.

4 after the VOC went into Indonesia, a currency circulating in the community is golden. however, in certain areas of the community to make its own currency that is valid only in the region alone.
5. When the Japanese occupation, the currency prevailing in Indonesian society is the currency of ORI stands for "Oeang Republic of Indonesia"
6. Official Indonesian government in year 1 October 1946 to pass a law on the application of the currency and the ORI on October 25, 1946 the government passed legislation to regulate the exchange rate ORI, while outside Java 100 rupiah Japanese currency equivalent to 1 rupiah ORI

Definition of Money

Generally money means as goods that have a specific and function to facilitate exchange. exspecifically money construed as legal tender.
Some sense, according to the experts is as follows:
a. Allbert Ga'llort according to Hart, money is wealth that can be used by their owners to repay the debt in a certain amount at that time as well.
b. According to RJ Thomas, money is something that is generally accepted in payment (purchase) of goods, services, repayment of debt.
c. According to Robertson, money is anything that is generally accepted in payment of goods.

The Types of Money
a. Base on materials used to make

1. Coin Money (Giral)
coins are made from logam.  money can be made from gold, copper, nickel, with the form and content of a certain weight and with certain characteristics anyway to avoid counterfeiting. for example Rp 100.00, US $ 200.00, US $ 500.00, US $ 1000.00

2.  Paper Money
Paper money is money that is made of paper. The money is made with special paper in order to difficult to falsify. For example money USD 2000.00, 5000.00 USD, USD 10,000.00, USD 50,000.00, USD 100,000.00

b. Based agency that issued

1. Banknotes (Charta = trust)
currency is a currency banknotes and coins issued by the central bank (the government) and applies in general

2. Deposit demand (Gyro)
is the demand deposit is a bill or an account at a bank which is used as a means of payment. Miscellaneous demand deposits, among others:

a. Paying

is command transaction amount of money that a person in a manner ordered the bank to pay a sum of money from its accounts.

Telegraphic transfer (TT),

is the inter-bank payments based on the request of the owner of the bank account bill. For example someone BRI in Jakarta want telegraphed warrant BRI Semarang pay to the bank, then the bank BRI Jakarta sent a telegram containing the warrant pay to the bank BRI Semarang to the person who appointed the owner of the account.

Deposits Are Money but Checks Are Not

            Deposits are money but checks are not, because checks only serve as instructions to transfer money from one account to another.

Credit Cards

            Credit cards are not money. They are a special type of ID card that enables the user to obtain an instant loan.

Debit Cards

            Debit cards are not money. They are used as a tool that moves money from one part to another.

E-Checks

            An electronic check (e-check) is an electronic equivalent of a paper checks. Like a paper check, an e-check is not money. The deposit transferred is money.

E-Cash

            Electronic cash (e-cash) is an electronic equivalent of paper notes and coins. For people willing to use it, it works like money. It has not yet reached the level of recognition that makes it universally accepted as a means of payment, so it doesn’t meet the definition of money.

v  Bank resources fund (funding) => Saving, such as: bill of Gyro, saving , Deposit.

v  Rekening Gyro (Checkable Deposit/Demand Deposit)

-          Costumer-Saving: personally or business entity.

-          Currency: rupiah or foreign exchange.

-          Withdraw can conduct every time, by using slips check   .

-          Commonly, the owner rekening gyro is the Company.

-          Once in a month, the owner of bill gyro is given collect notes mutation of defosit and withdrawing, which is called by paper bill.

-          Bill gyro is media to credit the result of credit disbursement, such as facility of work capital credit, credit of invest, or the kind of credit else.

v  Saving Deposit

-          Is a saving form which the fund is saved on a bill.

-          The saving owner can conduct withdrawing his/her fund whenever, cash or noncash (moving of book or transfer fund to other Bank), passes ATM or teller.

-          Saving can be owned by entrepreneur, manpower, student and many other.

v  Deposit (Time Deposit)

            1. Time Deposit

- Is a form of saving that time period of disbursement its fund (time period) has decided.

- Commonly, time deposit has time period a month, 3 month, 6 month and 12 month/ a year.

-The owner of Time deposit can determine his/her tempo, through considering of interest rate deposit which is interested.  

- On the basic deposit can’t disbursement before the date of tempo.

- Bank will give the fine, if the costumer forces to change it before the date of tempo.

            2. Deposit certificate

- Basically, Deposit of certificate same with time deposit.

- The payment interest of deposit certificate which is conducted at the first when placement on the bank. 

- On time deposit, payment of interest can conducted at the end.

- Deposit certificate can disbursement by certificate owner.

- And the time deposit is namely, so time deposit solely can withdrawals can only be done by the holder.

REFERENCES

Mulyasari trini, Celsius ekonomi, klaten, cv grafika dua tujuh : 2016

www.bi.go.id

Resume NATIONAL INCOME

                                   NATIONAL INCOME

                                        

                                                                       BY :

                                           Name : Michael Jonatan Sihombing

                                                   NPM  : 1610631030180 

                                            Class/Semester : Accounting A8/1

                                                 

ACCOUNTING – A8

ECONOMIC & BUSINESS FACULTY

SINGAPERBANGSA KARAWANG UNIVERSITY

2016

Preface

Thanks to Jesus who gave me health so that I was able to complete this task. thanks also to my parents who have been praying for me and that always gives me motivation for me to be more active in learning and also thanks to Mr.Irvan Yoga Pardistya, SE., MM., Ak, who has given me this task so that I can better understand what it is macroeconomics. So that I can say, If there are words in this task please proclaimed inappropriate. Thank You.

                                                                                   MICHAEL JONATAN SIHOMBING

                                                                                               NPM: 1610631030180

 National income is the amount of income received by all family households (RTK) in a state of submission of factors of production in one period, usually one year.

1.Model circular flow 
 

 

a). Household Sector


      The household sector has the factors of production required for the production process of goods and services of private (corporate sector) and public goods and services (government sector). Production factors is the willingness to work (labor), capital goods (eg land), the money and the willingness to bear the risks faced by the company by buying shares.Apart from the corporate sector, the household sector also earn revenue from the government sector. revenues may remuneration due to factors of production are given (wage and interest income). But there are also income in the form of non-remuneration.

b). Company sector

  The flow of the household sector spending sector company revenue stream. Apart from the household sector, the company receives income from the public sector is government consumption, and from demand overseas sector which is the company's export sector. In addition to making payments to the household sector, the company also pays taxes to the government. 

c). Government sector

   The primary function of government is to provide public goods. To perform the function, government expenditures such as the purchase of goods and services from the private sector and expenditure for the household sector. Because public goods will not be provided entirely through the market mechanism, the government should collect taxes from the household sector and the corporate sector.

2. Three Primary Market 

a. Goods and services Marketmarket goods and services that meet the demand and supply of goods and services. In a closed economy, the demand mainly comes from the household sector and the government. While the supply of goods and services from the corporate sector. 

b. Labor MarketThe labor market is the interaction between demand and supply of labor. In a closed economy, labor supply is derived from the household sector. While the demand coming from the private sector and the government sector. In an open economy, labor supply may also come from abroad. 

c. Money and Capital Markets

The currency market is the interaction between the demand for money and money supply. Bought and sold in financial markets is the right use of money. Offer money comes from parties who are willing to suspend the use of the money is right.

3. Method for Calculating National Income

According to this method, GDP is the total output produced in the economy. How it is calculated in practice is to divide the economy into the production sector. Total output of each sector is the amount of output across the economy.NT = NO-NINT = value addedNO = Value of OutputNI = Input Values

 

a. income approachIncome method regards the value of economic output as the total value of remuneration for the factors of production used in the production process. The relationship between the output level of the factors of production are described in simple production function below.Q = f (L, K, U, E)Q = outputL = LabourK = Capital goodsU = Money / FinanceE = EntrepreneursRemuneration for labor is wages or salary. For capital goods and rental income. For the owner of the money / financial assets is interest income. The entrepreneur is an advantage. Total remuneration of all factors of production is called national income (PN).PN = w + i + r + pw = wage / salaryi = Flowersr = Rentp = Profit

4. Expenditure Approach

According to the expenditure method, GDP is the value of the total expenditure in the economy in a given period. According to this method there are several types of aggregate spending in the economy:

 

a). Household Consumptionspending the household sector is used for final consumption, whether the goods and services that wears out in a year or less and items that can be used for more than one year / durable goods. 

b). Government consumptionThe terminology used in the calculation of government consumption expenditure of government used to purchase final goods and services. 

c). Investment expenditureGross domestic fixed capital formation is the business sector spending. This expenditure is used to maintain and improve the ability to create / increase value added. Included in the PMTDB are stock changes, either in the form of finished goods and intermediate goods. 

d). Net Exports

The definition of net exports is the difference between exports and imports. The value of GDP by expenditure method is the total value of the five types of spending:GDP = C + I + G + (XM)C = Consumption of HouseholdsG = Consumption / Government SpendingI = PMTDBX = ExportsM = Imports

5. Some Basics Calculation of Aggregate

Purposes of calculating the output and expenditure and other aggregate measures is to analyze and determine economic policy in order to increase / improve the prosperity / welfare. Some of the items to be learned in this case is:

GDP calculating economic production regardless of who owns the factors of production. All factors of production are located in economic output is counted in GDP.

a. Gross national product

production value generated by production factors belonging to the economy is called Gross National Product. Figures resulting from addition and subtraction to GNP is the Gross National Product.

If the income of the factors of production overseas that exist in the economy is denoted as PFLN while the factors of production revenues in the nation's economy is represented as then:

GNP = GDP + PFDN PFLN

The difference between PFLN and PFDN is Factor Net Income (PFPN). Thus we can say:

GNP = GDP + PFPN

 

b. Net National ProductTo produce the goods and services needed for capital goods. This is why companies should invest. Interest capital investments to replace obsolete reactors and improve the existing stock of capital goods. In the calculation of GDP by expenditure approach is entered gross investment expenditures overall. While the relevant input is net investment, ie gross investment minus depreciation. Therefore, to get a more accurate picture of output, the GNP should be reduced shrinkage. Figures generate gross national product.PNN = GNP-Depreciation 

c. National income

national income is the remuneration of all factors of production used. Figures PN can be derived from the PNN. To find PN number PNN, we must reduce the amount of indirect taxes PNN (PTL) and added a number of subsidies (S). indirect taxes should be reduced because it does not reflect the remuneration of factors of production.

PN = PNN-PTL + S

d. personal income

Personal income is the share of national income that an individual right in the economy, as a reward for their participation in the production process. To get the number of PN PP undistributed corporate profits have to be cut because undistributed earnings (LTB) is the right company. In addition to LTB, social insurance payments (PAS) should be reduced. Revenue earned from services not only received in return for their willingness to work or non-wage income earned from the corporate sector, but also interest income received from government and consumers (PIGK) and income non remuneration (PNBJ)

PP = PN-LTB-PAS + PIGK + PNBJ

e. Disposable Personal Income

Personal disposable income Personal Income is used by individuals, either to finance consumption or for savings. The amount of personal income tax on personal income.

 

6. GDP and Constant Prices Current Prices

GDP of a given period is actually the result of multiplying the price of goods produced by the quantity of goods produced. GDP in 2014 was the result of multiplying the price of goods in the year 2014 at a price of goods produced in 2014.To obtain GDP at constant prices, we must determine the base year, which was the year in which the economy is good / stable. Prices of goods in the year we use sa constant prices. If the condition in 2013 is regarded as relatively good condition, the price of clothing in 2013 was used as the base price. Thus the value of GDP in 2014 at constant prices in 2013 were:GDP2014 = Q2014 X P2014

             = 1000 X 80.00 = 80000.00

7. Benefits and Limitations Calculation of GDP

GDP calculation will give a brief overview of the level of prosperity of a country, by dividing it by the population. This number is known as the GDP per capita. Usually the higher the GDP per capita figures, the prosperity of the people considered to be higher. The UN also uses GDP per capita figure drawing class welfare state. 1992. Based on the standard, a country said to be poor when the GDP per capita of less than US $ 450.00. Under this standard, the majority of poor countries in the world. A country is said to be prosperous if GDP per capita greater than US $ 8,000.00. If you use this standard, only a fraction of the countries in the world that are considered rich. The country is generally located in Western Europe and North America. The downside of ino approach is not too much attention to the aspect of income distribution.

8. The World Bank Criteria

The criteria used by the World Bank are:1) When the group of the poorest 20% of the population earn less than 12% of the total national income, it is said that the countries concerned are in a high level of inequality in income distribution.2) When the group of the poorest 20% of the income of the population is between 12% -16% of total national income, it is said that there is a moderate degree of inequality in income distribution.3) When the group 20% of the poor people get more than 16% of the total national income, it is said that the low levels of inequality.

9. Wealth Distribution

In the advanced capitalist countries, individual alternative to store wealth is very diverse. They can buy stocks, bonds, and savings in the form of deposits and other financial assets. In addition to financial assets, they are also able to purchase real estate. Destination fertilization assets is the increase of total revenue in the future.In countries that have not developed such as Indonesia, the type of property owned by the family is not as much in advance Negar. Generally, property owned by the family in Indonesia is the land and the house.

Because most Indonesian people still rely on revenues from the agricultural sector, a wealth of relevant distribusin discussed is the distribution of agricultural land holdings. If using this measure of wealth distribution in Indonesia is still bad.

...BIBLIOGRAFI...

Rahardja, prathama dan Manurung, Mandala. 2008. Teori Ekonomi Makro. Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia